Psychological Co-morbidities of Physical Illness: A Behavioral Medicine Perspective

Sherry Pagoto
2011 | 480 Pages | ISBN: 1441900306

Evidence for the efficacy of behavioral approaches to the treatment and management of physical illness is mounting, as is the evidence for behavioral interventions for psychological disorders. A pressing question that remains is how to effectively treat co-morbid physical and psychological illnesses. Diseases co-occur more often than not, and the co-occurrence of physical and psychological illnesses is associated with greater impairment and healthcare costs. Unfortunately, the treatment literature has traditionally been disease-specific, with fewer insights and discoveries regarding the underlying processes of co-morbid physical and psychological illnesses, and even fewer of approaches to treatment. Research on co-morbidities between physical and psychological illnesses has focused primarily on depression. Quite extensive literatures describe the negative impact of depression on type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, pain, and other physical illnesses. More recently, higher rates of physical illness have been documented in individuals with bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and impulse control disorders. Studies emanating fr om the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R), the only U.S. population-based database that includes diagnostic information on all DSM-IV psychological disorders, have revealed strong links between a number of physical and psychological illnesses. These data draw attention to the prevalence of physical and psychological co-morbidities at the population level, which has stimulated research on the biobehavioral mechanisms of those co-morbidities, with the goal of developing and improving treatment approaches. As this area of research grows, practical resources are needed for clinicians and researchers who encounter individuals with co-morbid physical and psychological illnesses in their work. This book is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of psychological co-morbidities of physical illness, biological and behavioral mechanisms of those co-morbidities, and implications for treatment. Each chapter focuses on a physical condition, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, HIV infection, tobacco dependence, cardiovascular disease, cancer, asthma, pain, irritable bowel syndrome, autoimmune disorders, and obstetric/gynecological conditions. Chapters are structured to cover 1) the epidemiology of the most prevalent co-morbid psychological disorders within that physical condition (e.g., depression and other mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, impulse control disorders, and eating disorders; 2) biobehavioral mechanisms of the co-morbidity; 3) a review of the behavioral treatment literature including evidence-based practice guidelines (where available); and 4) treatment considerations including issues of stepped care, evidence-based treatment decisions, treatment sequencing, treatment blending, treatment interactions, and contraindications. Content is guided by available research evidence and relevant theoretical models, and it is presented in such a way as to inform clinical practice, identify important gaps in the research literature, and provide directions for future research. The book serves as a tool for clinicians and researchers who work in the area of behavioral medicine in medical, academic, and/or training settings. Patients with psychological and medical co-morbidities may be encountered by clinicians working in either mental health or medical settings, wh ere the presenting problem could be either the psychological disorder or the medical disorder. As such, assessment and treatment issues are discussed from both perspectives. For the clinician, the book reviews brief assessment tools, provides practical summaries of the treatment outcome literature and treatment considerations (e.g., treatment sequencing, contraindications), and includes treatment decision hierarchies that help the clinician incorporate each facet of evidence-based decisions (the evidence, patient characteristics, and their own expertise). For the researcher, the book brings together the literature for the medical and psychological disorder, highlighting still unanswered research questions relevant to the co-morbidity. Literature relevant to the underlying biobehavioral mechanisms of the co-morbidity as well as treatment are summarized. While a vast literature exists for the treatment of these disorders in isolation, one important purpose of this book is to bring together this literature to uncover specific areas in need of future study that will further our understanding of why different disorders co-occur and the best ways to treat them when they do.

Morley D. Glicken

"Evidence-Based Practice with Emotionally Troubled Children and Adolescents"
Academic Press | English | 2009-03-02 | ISBN: 0123745233 | 664 pages


At a time when increasing numbers of children are being treated for emotional problems, naming and treating those problems remains more of an art than a science often leaving children and their parents to navigate a confusing path.

One reason for this uncertainty is that we have few objective ways of assessing a child?s emotional difficulties other than judgments based on interviews and checklists of symptoms. Unlike most adults, however, young children are often unable or unwilling to talk about their symptoms, leaving mental health professionals to rely on observation and information fr om parents and teachers that may be incorrect or biased.

Furthermore, children develop so quickly that what looks like attention deficit disorder in the fall may look like anxiety or nothing at all in the summer. Although the mental health field has made great strides in helping children manage mental illness, particularly moderate conditions, the system of diagnosis is still ?200 to 300 years behind other branches of medicine,? according Dr. E. Jane Costello, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke University. Dr. Costello and other experts believe that the search for a diagnosis is often a process of trial and error that may end with serious errors in diagnosis and treatment.

According to government surveys at least six million American children have difficulties that are diagnosed as serious mental disorders, a number that has tripled since the early 1990s even though one of the largest continuing surveys of mental illness in children, tracking 4,500 children ages 9 to 13, found no cases of full-blown bi-polar disorder and only a few children with the mild flights of excessive energy that could be considered nascent bipolar disorder. Moreover, the symptoms diagnosed as serious emotional problems in children often bear little resemblance to those in adults. Instead, children?s moods often flip on and off throughout the day, and their upswings often look more like extreme agitation than bi-polar disorder.

The confusion over accurate diagnosis and treatment leaves parents with very difficult children virtually alone and confused by the conflicting signals given by doctors and other mental health professionals. If parents are lucky, they may find a specialist who listens carefully and has the sensitivity to understand their child and their family. In dozens of interviews conducted by the author, however, parents of troubled children said that they had searched for months and sometimes years to find the right therapist.

The advantage of EBP, according to Hines, is that it allows the practitioner to develop quality practice guidelines that can be applied to the client, identify appropriate literature that can be shared with the client, communicate with other professionals fr om a knowledge-guided frame of reference and, continue a process of self-learning that results in the best possible treatment for clients.

focusing on the most current research and best evidence regarding assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children and adolescents with a range of emotional problems including, but not lim ited to: ADHD; Bi-Polar Disorder; anxiety and depression; eating disorders; Autism; Aspirgers Syndrome; substance abuse; social isolation; school related problems including underachievement; sexual acting out; Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders; Childhood Schizophrenia; Gender Issues; Prolonged Grief; gang involvement; and a number of other problems experienced by children and adolescents.

Because concrete research evidence is often not used as the basis for practice with children and adolescents, and the next edition in the DSM series, which promises more information about children isn?t due until 2011, this book provides a timely guide for practitioners, students, mental health professionals, and parents to a research-oriented approach for understanding and helping children experiencing emotional difficulties and their families.

particularly in populations wh ere there has been a dramatic increase in troubled youth such as autism and substance abuse.

The problems discussed in the book range from more common problems such as underachievement and parents who fail to supervise or provide effective role models to much more serious problems including Bi-Polar Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and children traumatized by sexual abuse, violence, and neglect.

*Fully covers assessment, diagnosis & treatment of children and adolescents, focusing on evidence-based practices
*Offers detailed how-to explanation of practical evidence-based treatment techniques
*Cites numerous case studies and provides integrative questions at the end of each chapter
*Material related to diversity (including race, ethnicity, gender and social class) integrated into each chapter

"Essential Notes in Psychiatry"

ed. by Victor Olisah
InTeO | 2012 | ISBN: 9535105749 9789535105749 | 569 pages

This book of psychiatry is concise and clearly written so that it is usable for doctors in training, students and clinicians dealing with psychiatric illness in everyday practice. The book is a primer for those beginning to learn about emotional disorders and psychosocial consequences of severe physical and psychological trauma; and violence. The book also highlights important causes of mental disorders in children.

Contents
Section 1 Organizational Stress and Mental Health
1 Mobbing at Workplaces and the Mental Health Effects on Employees
2 The Relationship Between Workplace Civility Level and the Experience of Burnout Syndrome Among Helping Professionals
3 Reducing Stress in Mental Health Practitioners - Becoming Change Agents in Practice Through Action Research
4 EfFort-Reward Imbalance and Quality of Life Among Female Nurses at a General Hospital in Japan
Section 2 Emotional and Trauma Related Conditions
5 Anxiety Disorder and Its Types
6 Mental Health, Trauma and Trauma Related DA±sorders
7 PTSD in Primary Care: A Physician's Guide to Dealing with War-Induced PTSD
8 Posttraumatic Growth and Recovery from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
9 Depression in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
10 Adolescent Cigarette Use in the Americas: The Link with Depression
11 Violence in the Nursing Homes: Understandings, Management, Documentation and Impact of Resident to Resident Aggression
Section 3 Effectiveness of Sel ected Mental Health Therapies and Interventions
12 Effectiveness of Participative Community Singing Intervention Program on Promoting Resilience and Mental Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Australia
13 Antipsychotics Versus Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Psychosis in Alzheimer's : A Critical Review
14 The Relative Efficacy of Live Graded Exposure, Live Modeling, and Computer- Based Symbolic Modeling in the Treatment of Spider Phobia: A Perspective of Emotion
15 Home Visits to Mothers with Children Between the Ages 0 to 4 Years: A Mental Health Intervention Strategy in Emerging Countries
16 Inter-Professional and Inter-Cultural Competence Training as a Preventive Strategy to Promote Collaboration in Encountering New-Coming Refugees in the Reception Programme -ACase Study
17 Development and Implementation of Suicide Prevention Activities - Report from Slovenia
18 Factors Contributing to Enrollment in Treatment Programs for Adults
Section 4 Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Mental Disorders in Children
19 Maternal Depression. Mothering and Child Development
20 Developmental Aspects of Parental Mental Health and Child Development
21 Children's Mental Health in the Era of Globalisation: Neo-Liberalism. Commodification. McDonaldisation. and the New Challenges They Pose
22 Mental Health of Children from a Chronobiological and Epidemiological Point of View
Section 5 Inter-Relationship Between Personality, Mental Health and Mental Disorders
23 Personality and Mental Health
24 Factors Associated with Positive Mental Health in a Portuguese Community Sample: A Look Through the Lens of RyfFs Psychological Well-Being Model
25 Towards a Paradigmatic Shift in Mental Health Care?
Section 6 Mental Health and Medicine
26 Depression in the Context of Chronic and Multiple Chronic Illnesses
27 Long-Lasting Mental Fatigue After Recovery fr om Meningitis or Encephalitis - A Disabling Disorder Hypothetically Related to Dysfunction in the Supporting Systems of the Brain
28 Physiological Response as Biomarkers of Adverse Effects of the Psychosocial Work Environment

Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Veteran Populations: Initial Assessment
Committee on the Assessment of Ongoing Effects in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Institute of Medicine
NAS Press | 2012 | ISBN: 0309254213 9780309254212 | 415 pages

This is the first mandated reports examines some of the available programs to prevent, diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate those who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and encourages further research that can help to improve PTSD care.

PTSD is triggered by a specific traumatic event - including combat - which leads to symptoms such as persistent re-experiencing of the event; emotional numbing or avoidance of thoughts, feelings, conversations, or places associated with the trauma; and hyperarousal, such as exaggerated startle responses or difficulty concentrating.

Contents
Preface
Acronyms
Summary
1 Introduction
Committee’s Charge
Committee’s Approach
Organization of the Report
References
2 History, Diagnostic Criteria, and Epidemiology
History of PTSD
Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD
Epidemiology of PTSD in the General Population
Epidemiology of PTSD in Military and Veteran Populations
Summary
References
3 Neurobiology
Adaptive and Maladaptive Stress Responses
Models for the Development of PTSD
Factors That Influence the Development of PTSD
Implications for PTSD Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Biomarkers
Summary
References
4 Programs and Services for PTSD in the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs
The Department of Defense Health Care System
Mental Health Care in the Department of Defense
Transitioning Between the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care Systems
The Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Mental Health Care in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Collaborative Efforts Between the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs
Research in the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs
Cost Considerations
Summary
References
5 Prevention
Overview of PTSD Prevention
Pretrauma Prevention Efforts
Interventions for Trauma-Exposed People
Prevention in the Department of Defense
Prevention in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Summary
References
6 Screening and Diagnosis
Screening
Considerations Regarding Screening in the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs
Screening in Primary Care
Screening Tools
Diagnosis
Quality of Life, Disability, and Resilience Measures
Summary
References
7 Treatment
Psychosocial Treatments for Chronic PTSD
Pharmacotherapy
Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Approaches
Integrative Collaborative Care
Emerging Therapies for PTSD
Guidelines for Treatment of PTSD
Summary
References
8 Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Medical Conditions and Psychosocial Complexities
Co-Occurring Psychiatric Conditions and PTSD
Co-Occurring Medical Conditions and PTSD
Co-Occurring Psychosocial Problems and PTSD
Summary
References
9 Access to Care
Barriers to Care
Barriers to Delivery of Evidence-Based Care
Facilitators of Care for PTSD
Summary
References
10 Findings and Recommendations
Analyze
Implement
Innovate
Overcome
Integrate
Phase 2

Enhancing Cognitive Fitness in Adults: A Guide to the Use and Development of Community-Based Programs
Springer; 1st Edition | August 2, 2011 | ISBN-10: 1441906355 | 522 pages

Late life is characterized by great diversity in memory and other cognitive functions. Although a substantial proportion of older adults suffer from Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia, a majority retain a high level of cognitive skills throughout the life span. Identifying factors that sustain and enhance cognitive well-being is a growing area of original and translational research.
In 2009, there are as many as 5.2 million Americans living with Alzheimer’s disease, and that figure is expected to grow to as many as 16 million by 2050. One in six women and one in 10 men who live to be at least age 55 will develop Alzheimer’s disease in their remaining lifetime. Approximately 10 million of the 78 million baby boomers who were alive in 2008 can expect to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Seventy percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease live at home, cared for by family and friends. In 2008, 9.8 million family members, friends, and neighbors provided unpaid care for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia.

Bayley-III Clinical Use and Interpretation
English | ISBN: 0123741777 | edition 2010 | 256 pages

One of the most widely used assessments of infants and toddlers, the BAYLEY-III measures the major areas of development including cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive functioning. This book provides an introduction into use of the BAYLEY-III in each of these five areas. For each of these areas, individual chapters cover the relevant test content, administration, scoring, interpretation, strengths / concerns, and uses in clinical populations.

Ultimate Psychometric Tests: Over 1000 Verbal, Numerical, Diagrammatic and IQ Practice Tests
Published: 2008-10-28 | ISBN: 0749453087 | 256 pages

Psychometric tests are often used in selection and assessment procedures. For unprepared interviewees tests represent a considerable challenge and many more people fail than pass.
Ultimate Psychometric Tests helps job candidates stand out from the crowd. Designed for self-study, the range of questions provides an excellent opportunity for practice. They will help improve technique as well as boost confidence prior to taking a real-life test. Types of test include: verbal and numerical reasoning, personality questionnaires, non-verbal reasoning (including diagrammatic reasoning), mechanical comprehension and IQ tests. Contains over 1000 realistic practice questions.

Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood (7th Edition)

Laura E. Berk
Publisher: Pearson; 7 edition (January 6, 2011) | ISBN: 0205831915 | Pages: 672

Berk’s signature storytelling style invites students to actively learn beside the text’s “characters” who share their influential experiences and developmental milestones. Students are provided with an exceptionally clear and coherent understanding of child development, emphasizing the interrelatedness of all domains—physical, cognitive, emotional, and social—throughout the text narrative and in special features. Focusing on education and social policy as critical pieces of the dynamic system in which the child develops, Berk pays meticulous attention to the most recent scholarship in the field. Berk helps students connect their learning to their personal and professional areas of interest and their future pursuits as parents, educators, heath care providers, counselors, social workers, and researchers.

John R. Weisz PhD and Alan E. Kazdin PhD
"Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents, Second Edition"
English | ISBN: 1593859740 | 2010 | 602 pages

Widely regarded as a premier text and clinical resource, this book presents exemplary treatment approaches for a broad range of social, emotional, and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Concise chapters from leading authorities describe the conceptual underpinnings of each therapy, how interventions are delivered on a session-by-session basis, and what the research shows about treatment effectiveness. Contributors discuss recommended manuals and other clinical and training resources and provide details on how to obtain them.